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口译笔译|最好用的翻译方案汉英翻译八条“戒律”

来源:www.plgrrt.com 2024-03-27
英语学习者一般愿做英文翻译中文题目,怵做中文翻译英文题目。因为历史和文化上的差异,汉英词汇之间存在着或显或隐的翻译上的陷阱,致使中文翻译英文远比英文翻译中文易于出错。用鲁迅的话说,就是词典不离手,冷汗不离身。这提醒译者需要对这类差异心中有数,然后再调和这类差异,摆平这类差异。为此,要迈好下面八道坎儿,时刻要留神这八条戒律只想为你擦亮满天星光,以免在熟路上迷失方向。

1、戒从一而终


汉语言简意赅,句子灵活,总是是一个汉语词语对应N个英语词语,具体到在本句中应该使用那个意项,务必抓住精神实质,不能不变应万变。至于如何应变,这就是显示译者功力的地方了。

譬如:都是问题,下面的翻译各不相同,几乎是打一枪换一个地方。

一同关心的问题

questions of common interest

解决问题

solve a problem

问题的重要

the heart of the matter

重要问题

a key problem

原则问题

a question/ matter of principle

悬而未决的问题

an outstanding issue

没那些问题。

Without any mishap1

摩托车有点问题。

Something is wrong with the motorcycle.

问题不在这里。

That is not the point.

近期揭发出相当紧急的贪污、纳贿和官僚主义问题。

Serious cases of embezzlement2, bribery3, and bureaucracy have been brought to light recently.

译者要学会这种汉英翻译中的游击战术,翻译家应是不同文化王国边境线上的游击策略家。

沙博里将《水浒传》译为:Outlaws of the Marsh。杨宪益译将屈原的《国殇》译为:For Those Fallen for Their Country,北外出版社将《儒林外史》译为:The Scholars。这类都是译者吃透了原文的原意而译出的佳作。

2、戒望文生义,机械直译

这多半是新手犯的问题,他们易于被表面现象所迷惑,做出让人啼笑皆非的事情。

下文中的以色列,可不是中东的那个犹太人国家,而是以颜色来排列。文中的颜色,统统译错。望文生义想当然,都是直译惹的祸。

黄牛(yellow cowox前误后正,下同)与黄鹂(yellow bird oriole)从小青梅竹马,黄牛喜欢青稞、黄瓜,黄鹂喜欢紫薇、红木、红豆杉。黑社会的黑猩猩用黑话给他们作了红娘。二者选了个猴年马月的黄道吉日,在长满兰花、紫丁香紫茉莉的绿洲上,举行了别开生面的结婚典礼。双双当场交换了礼物,黄牛给黄鹂的礼物是蓝宝石、红宝石;黄鹂给黄牛的是白话《水浒》、白兰地。他们从此红运当头,青云直上。 (选自艾临《天天幽它一默》)

3、戒水土不符,习惯搭配失当


这的确是困难程度系数较大的问题,它需要译者既有较高的中文修养,又要有较高的英文造诣,一知半解的人常常在此翻车,甚至大伙也难免有闪失。如:

写罢,掷笔在桌上。又歌了一回,再饮数杯酒,不觉沉醉,力不胜酒,便呼酒保计算了,取些银子算还,多的都赏了酒保。#p#

And tossed the pen on the table. He intoned the verses to himself, then downed a few more cups of wine. He was very dunk. Song-Jiang asked for the bill, paid, and told the waiter to keep the change.(沙博里译《水浒传浔阳楼宋江吟反诗》)

现在,《水浒传》最好的英译本要数沙博里先生的本子了。沙博里出生在美国,年轻人时来到中国,一住就是半个多世纪。为了译好《水浒传》,据了解他潜心研究了山东的地方志和旧时方言,可谓精诚所致,译著既达又雅。然历史告诉大家,中国古人没用过钢笔,宋时用的还是毛笔,故the pen 应改为the writing-brush 。

白洋淀的导游牌上,红菱被硬硬地翻译成Red Ling。菱角有对应词的,应改为Red Water Chestnut6。这里常常有外国人参观,这样翻译,让人汗颜!

下面的几段译文就较好地照顾到了西方人的思维和理解习惯。

老者道:西方却去不能。那山离此有六十里远,正是西方必然趋势。却有八百里火焰,周围寸草不生,若过此山,就是铜脑盖,铁身躯,也要化成汁哩。

Its impossible to get to the west, the old man replied, The mountains are about twenty miles from here. You have to cross them to get to the west, but theyre over 250 miles of flame. Not a blade of grass can grow anywhere around. Even if you had a skull7 of bronze and a body of iron, you would melt trying to cross them.

(詹纳尔译《西游记孙奥创一调芭蕉扇》)

美国把贸易和人权扯在一块,只能损害两国的经济利益。

The US policy of linking trade with human rights can only bring harm to the economic interests of the two countries.

关起门来搞建设是不成的,中国的进步不能离开世界。

China cant develop in isolation8 from the rest of the world.

4、戒主语暗淡

主语是句子的灵魂, 定住译文的主语的是重要性一步棋。主语定偏了,整个句子将看上去松散乏力,甚至误导读者。

假如这个问题不解决,必然影响两国的利益。

Failure to settle this issue is bound impair9 the relations between the two countries seriously.

If the problem is not solved , it is sure to affect the interests between the two countries

在上面的两种译文中,显然第一种译文主语选得好,句子流畅。

一同的利益把大家两个伟大的国家连接在一块。

What holds our two great nations together is the cement of common interests.

此句主语部分处置得颇为干练。

操吴戈兮披犀甲,车错毂兮短兵接

we grasp huge shields, clad in Rhinoceros10 Hide;

the Chariots clash, the Daggers11 gashing12 wide.

(杨宪益译《屈原国殇》)

屈原一开篇就操吴戈兮披犀甲,车错毂兮短兵接,显然需要补充应有些主语。在《国殇》诗中,后面还有身既死兮神以灵,子魂魄兮为鬼雄的句子,可见屈原是以局外人的视角来写殉国的将士的,而非把自己混为军中一员。译文中的主语应改为They较妥。

厨房里少了一条鱼,主人发誓要一查到底,揪出偷鱼的贼。#p#

Finding a fish in kitchen was lost, the host swore find out the thief who stole the fish.

尽管汉语中好像有厨房主人两个主语,译者果断地选定了the host作主语。打点明确,增强了句子的内聚力。

夏威夷的沙滩上,椰影婆娑,海风习习,一妙龄女郎正躺在白色的塑料椅上养神。

On the Hawaiian sandy beach, the coconut13 palms are whirling, the congenial sea breeze is blowing, and a young lady is lying in the white plastics chair resting to restore energy.

由于是轻松读本,又是描述性的文字,用了三个主语the coconut palmsthe congenial sea breezea young lady仍是可取的。

5、戒结构单调,组合生硬 拉郎配


因为汉英结构不同,表达方法迥异,硬性翻译不只读起来别扭,而且会闹出笑话。这就译者在翻译时灵活用整理的方法,将句子整理,凸显汉语中所隐含的层次,补充所缺失的成分。有时将简单句译成并列句,有时将并列句译成主从句。

在纪念大学毕业20周年聚会时,我突然问起原来的班主任:我个子又不矮,如何把我安排在了第一排呢?

At the reunion party for 20 anniversary of graduation from university, I suddenly asked my former teacher in charge of our class then: Since I am not of short stature14, how did you arrange me at the first row?

一个高度近视的女博士去擦鞋店擦高统靴,秃顶老板亲自蹲下来给她效劳。

When woman doctor who suffers a severe myopic15 went to shoes-polishing shop for her buskins , the bald boss squatted16 down to serve her personally.

黑体字部分,正是契合了英语的表达习惯。


6、戒愚忠,不谙增减之道

大家耳熟能详的东西外国人或许会感到一头雾水,译者需要增加必要的说明和补充或者减译。不然,外国人会不知所云。毕竟,中文翻译英文最后是给外国人看的。

比如:风水

fengshuithe location of a house or tomb, supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family.

比如:(美国对台)三不政策

Washingtons three nos policy toward Taiwanon support for Taiwan independence, no support for a two-China policy, and on support for Taiwan membership in international organizations on the basis of statehood.

忽闻有人在牡丹亭畔长吁短叹。允潜步窥立,乃府中歌姬貂禅也。

In the silence he heard moans and sighs near the Peony Pavilion. Stealing over, he discovered the singing girl, Diaochan.

(罗慕士译《三国演义王司徒巧施连环计》)

会当凌绝顶,一览众山小。

One day I shall climb

Clear to the summit,

See how small surrounding

Mountain TOPs appear as they lie below me

(新西兰人路易艾黎译《杜甫望岳》)

I can't open my eyes to watch your jumping into the fiery17 pit, for I will shut my eyes at the time.

我不会眼睁睁看着你往火坑里跳,到时候我会闭上的。

不要嫌我黑,两眼放光辉;不要嫌我瘦,一身好精肉。

Do not Cold-shoulder me for my swarthy face, but I have a pair of bright piercing eyes;

Do not Cold-shoulder me for my slight figure, but Im lean and healthy.

文中the location of a house or tomb, supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family.

on support for Taiwan independence, no support for a two-China policy, and on support for Taiwan membership in international organizations on the basis of statehood.

In the silenceOne day I for but 为增译,府中为减译,实并入后句。减译手法在七戒语句重复中还会提及。#p#

7、戒语句重复

汉语多重复,以强化语气;英语则要尽可能防止重复。

先生曰:狼负我,狼负我!狼曰:吾非固欲负汝。天生汝辈,固需吾辈食也。

You are an ungrateful beast, complained the man.

Not at all, retorted the wolf, it is not that Im ungrateful, but you men were created for us to devour18.

(颜惠庆译《马中锡中山狼传》)

王曰:此鸟不飞则已,一飞冲天;不鸣则已,一鸣惊人。

The bird may not have flown yet, replied the King,once it does, it will soar to the sky. I may not have cried out yet, but once it does, it will startle everyone.

(杨宪益译《史记滑稽列传》

阿凡提借了财主一锭金子,还他时给了他两锭。

Afanty borrowed a small ingot of gold from a moneybags, but repaid him two ones.

(选自艾临《幽默新国内》)

以上粗体字都是为了防止重复,下面两句中的粗体字是省译,当然也是为了防止重复。

又斗争,又团结,以斗争的方法,达团结之目的。

Unity19, struggle, unity through struggle.

中国人也好,外国人也好,死人也好,活人也好,对的就是对的,不对的就是错误的。

What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, no matter what it concerns, the Chinese or foreigners, the dead or the living.

为了防止重复,还可将相同的汉字故意译成不一样的英文,如

在78岁高龄的人的眼里,大部分人都看上去有点年轻。假如美利坚对44岁以下的人抱有不信赖态度的话,它势必阻止杰佛逊起草独立宣言,阻止华盛顿领导独立战争,阻止麦迪逊制定宪法,甚至阻止哥伦布发现新国内!

In the eyes of a 78-year old person, most people seem to be little young. If the USA embraces mistrustful attitude to those who are under 44, it would clog20 necessarily Jefferson from drafting the Declaration of Independence, obstruct21 Washington from leading Independent War, prevent Madison from formulating22 the Constitution, and even keep Columbus from discovering the New Continent!

从渲染艺术成效来讲,重复并不是绝对不允许的,如:

行路难,行路难。

多歧路,今安在?

长风破浪会有时,

直挂云帆济沧海!

Hard is the way, hard is the way.

Dont go astray! Whither today.

A time will come to ride the wind and cleave23 the waves,

Ill set my cloudlike sail to cross the sea which raves24.#p#

许渊冲译《李白行路难》)

8、戒另起炉灶,走失精气神,沦为法国作家梅纳日所批评的 不忠的美人即语言优美但不忠于原文。(参见2005年08月26日《济南日报》: 艾临文章《不忠的美人与忠实的美人写在〈天天幽它一默〉出版后》)严复在翻译《天演论》时偶 有为雅而不信 (见陈廷佑《英文汉译方法》)。译文要力求其信,尽量契合汉语原来句子的气势、情绪和结构。

比如,元朝人王实甫写下了《西厢记》,张雪静改编后并作了翻译

掏出张生那封信,回头环视见梳妆台上的梳妆盒,双眼一转,心里说有了,将信放了进来,合上盖时故意压了一角露在外面。

Rose took out Zhangs letter, she thought, It would be better to put it in her make-up case, and letter find it herself. So she put the letter in the case, leaving a corner of it sticking out, so that it would be quickly noticed.

不难看出,译文与原文相去甚远,互不吻合,成了两张皮。

大家不期望这件事影响中美关系。

China hates to see Sino-US relations damaged by this incident.

用China hates to比We dont hope贴切。

吾十五有志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲不愈矩。

At fifteen, I had my mind bent25 on learning truth; at thirty, my words deeds were appropriate; at forty, I perceived truth and doubts ceased; at fifty, I understood what heaven had mandated26 for mankind; at sixty, I could comply with the appointments of heaven; at seventy, I could do as my heart desired, and never swerved27 from the path of right.

(金沛霖译《论语》)

你已经死在过深的怨愤里了吗?

死?不,不,我还活着

请给我以火,给我以火!

Have you perished in this deep rancor28 and bitterness?

Death? No, no. Im still alive.

Please give me a light, give me a light!

(欧阳桢等译《艾青煤的对话》)

结语1、别以为有本词典就可动手翻译了,再好的词典也不可以解决所有些问题。词典是死的,人是活的,现实生活是千百万化的,词典易得,翻译家难觅。翻译可能是宇宙进化迄今所产生的最复杂种类的事情。这成了翻译界的一句名言。翻译不只需要译者有较高的英文水准,对各种句式成竹在胸,冲口而出,还要精通汉语,吃透中文的精神内涵。后者总是是让人们忽略的,相对反倒是更要紧的,不少人英语写得洋洋洒洒,汉语译得艰涩拗口,问题多出在这里。只有知难而进,学贯中西,才能笔笔如刀,游刃有余。光懂英语,或只懂汉语,都是做不好中英翻译工作的。

结语2、因为对翻译归属的认知有分歧,致使了译文风格上的明显的反差。南京大学的许钧觉得翻译是科学,1+1=2;北京大学的许渊冲觉得翻译是艺术,1+1〉2。争论仍在继续。我不想、也无力充当二许之辩的和事佬,不光由于他们是名人、是大伙,我只想保留我们的见解。窃以为笔者系调和论者,在翻译上科学性和艺术性兼而有之,就不一样的体裁各有倚重。由于在诗歌翻译方面,我倾向是艺术,1+1〉2,赋予张力,收放有据;在论文、科技翻译方面,我倡导是科学,1+1=2,信守严谨,毫厘不爽。我记起傅雷1951年在《高老头》重译序言里说过的话,即便最棒的译文,其韵味较之原文仍不免过或不及。可见,度的控制是何等的困难。基于这一理念,我对文中例句未作太多点评,仅仅以加粗的倾斜字体简单地提醒和强调,把裁判权交给读者。毕竟,译作无定本,众人即圣人,读者才是真的的上帝


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