15～13分: 内容切题, 包含提纲的全部内容; 表达了解, 文字连贯; 句式有变化, 句子结构和用词正确。
12～10分: 内容切题, 包含提纲的全部内容; 表达基本了解, 文字基本连贯; 句式有肯定变化, 句子结构和用词无重大错误。
9～7分: 内容切题, 基本包含提纲的要素; 表达基本了解, 句子结构和用词有少量错误。
6～4分: 内容基本切题, 语句可以理解, 但有较多句子结构和用词错误。
3～1分: 基本按题意写作, 但只有少数句子可以理解。
0分: 文不切题, 语句混乱, 没办法理解。
长度计分标准:
91～100词: 扣1分
81～90词: 扣2.5分
71～80词: 扣4分
61～70词: 扣6分
60词以下: 扣8分
在前面大家已经提到了得分在15～13分之间的作文的规范, 下面大家再结合实例详细加以论述。
1、内容切题, 包含提纲的全部内容
自1991年研究生入学考试增加作文的考试项目以来, 每次作文都需要考生依据所提供的写作提纲完成一篇短文, 因此, 评分标准的第一项即需要内容切题, 包含提纲的全部内容, 事实上对于任何命题性作文来讲, 内容切题都是一项最基本的需要。那样该怎么样达到这一需要呢? 大家觉得考生应该从以下几个方面入手:
认真审题。依据题目类别, 弄清文体的需要, 并判明文章的类型, 同时确定文章要说明的主题或要表达的中心思想, 若题目已经给提供了提纲, 还应该注意弄清各提纲要素之间的逻辑关系。考生在拿到作文题后切勿唯恐时间不够, 提笔就写。 一旦写的内容偏离了题目的需要, 等到发现了再改就来不及了。大家平时所说的磨刀不误砍柴功就是这个道理。
注意安排设计段落。依据文章的中心思想, 确定每个段落的主题内容和主题句。若是议论文, 一般要从论点的正反两个方面来考虑, 第一是某看法的合理成分或者某物的长处, 然后是该看法的不合理成分或者该物的短处, 最后说明我们的看法。假如题目给提供了提纲, 只须把提纲扩展成主题句即可。
切忌将记忆里比较熟知的句子生拉硬扯地弄进作文, 使作文结构松散, 意思不清楚, 甚至会偏离主题。
2、表达了解, 文字连贯
文章要做到表达了解, 文字连贯, 文章各段落就需要依据提纲所确立的不同主题句来展开, 而且各段落的主题句将段落的每个部分凝聚在一块, 流利地表现出段落所要表现的思想, 使读者可以轻松地理解段落中各部分与段落之间的联系。下面, 大家来看一篇93年考试试题的范本:
Adverti百度竞价推广ent on TV
Today more and more adverti百度竞价推广ents are seen on the TV screen. Every evening a series of adverti百度竞价推广ents come immediately after the News Program is over, informing TV viewers of the many different sorts of up-to-date products on the market. Besides, it often happens that while you are absorbed in a wonderful film on TV, endless ads interrupt you from time to time and make you quite annoyed.
There are two reasons, I think, for the growing number of ads on TV. First, in a competitive1 economy, the consumer usually has the choice of several different brands of the same product. Thus, manufacturers are confronted2 with a problem how to keep sales high enough to stay in business. They solve this problem by advertising3. Through advertising, each manufacturing company tries to convince consumers that its product is special. Second, most consumers are interested in ads. They wish to get from TV ads the first-hand information about new products, which enables them to choose the one that they like best. As a result, there is a sharp increase in ads on the TV screen.
Personally, I am in favour of TV ads because most of them are interesting and informative4. But there is no denying that some of them are tedious and boring. So I feel TV stations are faced with an arduous5 task to strengthen the control of ads, to improve their quality and to make them more attractive.
在上面的作文中, 作者使用了明确的主题句, 而且每一个段落都是紧紧围绕主题句写作而成, 另外, 作者还用了明显的连接词, 比如第一段中的besides, 第二段的first, thus, second, as a result, 第三段中的but, so等等, 使得整个文章主题思想了解, 文字浑然一体。
3、句式有变化
初学写作的同志, 因为对英语写作没信心, 一般不敢大胆地用自己已经学会的语言入门知识, 包含英语句法常识。结果整篇文章都是以主语、谓语、宾语句式为主的简单句子, 文章因此看上去刻板, 毫无生气。事实上, 同汉语一样, 英语的句子结构也是丰富多彩, 变化多样的, 同样的一个意义可以用多种句子结构来表达。比如:
例1. The villagers took great care of the old man.
The old man was taken great care of .
Great care was taken of the old man .
例2. His speech was good enough to stir the audience.
His speech was too good not to stir the audience.
His speech was so good that all the audience felt stirred.
例3. A computer was among the new products on display.
Among the new products on display was a computer.
例4. Most metals are good conductors, and silver is the best.
Most metals are good conductors, silver being the best.
Most metals are good conductors, with silver in the lead.
因此, 大家在写作时, 应充分借助大家已有些句法常识, 使用各种句法结构, 使作文句式多样、 生动活泼。
4、句子结构和用词正确
要在写作中, 用正确的句子结构, 选择适合的词语, 第一要勤学多练。特别在开始训练写作的初始阶段, 可勤查语法书和字典等工具书, 背记常用词和短语, 扩大词语量, 拓展常识面。 要深刻理解所背词汇的内在含义, 并知道他们所用的语言环境。复习备考时, 请务必认真阅读本书的后面关于写作方面的论述, 模仿并熟记一些常见的过渡词和英语句型, 与一些英语范本,并切忌自编自造汉语式的英语句式和词组, 培养不好的的写作习惯。 必须要注意用学习过的,比较熟知有把握的句式和词语。
第二, 在考试过程中, 对于那些拿不稳, 没把握的句子, 尽可能采取 回避政策。下面是一篇在94年研究生入学考试中获得14分的作文, 整篇文章非常符合大家在上面所述的高分作文的需要:
On Making Friends
As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend. Society is made up of inpiduals, and making friend is a very important part in our life. Friends can give you a lot. First, if you have trouble with some problems, you can consult your good friends and exchange opinions. Thus you will feel comfortable and encouraged. Secondly6, if you wish to do some physical exercises, such as playing table tennis, you can play with friends and have a good time. Then you can relax yourself. In short, we need friends.
But what is true friendship? Some people think friends are people whom they can play with. In my opinion, a friend in need is a friend indeed. True friendship can encourage you when you are in difficulties. A true friend not only shares with you your joy and happiness but also your trouble and anxiety. When you need him, he will give you a hand and spare no efforts. Of course, these principles are the same to you when you treat your friends.
As far as I'm concerned, I wish to make as many friends as possible. The world is a big family, and we will feel relaxed in a friendly atmosphere. You will discover the world is full of flowers and happiness. I wish some day we can all be friends.
另外, 值得一提的是, 写作是主观性测试, 阅卷人对答题印象的好坏会直接影响到考生的分数, 而且研究生入学考试英语短文写作的阅卷使用的是总体评分的办法, 阅卷职员就总体印象给出奖励分, 而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分, 因此, 考生要特别注意卷面的整洁, 答卷纸四周都要留空边。在通常情况下, 你的作文的读者就是阅卷的老师, 所以, 短文禁忌使用对读者不尊重的词汇, 防止引起阅卷老师的反感, 比如, 有的考生习惯用Do you know ? Let me tell you之类的过分口语化的句子, 如此有把读者当做小学生之嫌, 易引起人的反感, 因此应该尽可能防止。 另外, 切勿将题目中提供的英语单词抄错, 不然会使阅卷人感觉到你是一位粗心甚至不负责任的人。 还有一点容易给阅卷人导致不好的印象的问题是标点符号的用法, 在阅卷的过程中, 大家常常会碰到有些考生的作文整篇没一个明显的标点符号, 在每一个句子或应该加注标点的地方都用一点, 根本分不清是逗号还是句号, 有些缺少标点符号的知识, 在一个书名两边加注《 》号, 这类都会干扰到考生的成绩。因此, 期望考生注意认真阅读后面关于标点符号用的一部分。
最后, 大家谈谈考试过程中短文写作的时间分配问题, 短文写作的时间为40分钟, 要力争写完写好, 这就需要考生做到有条不紊，忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有些水平。建议根据如下的策略分配时间: 审题2～3分钟, 组织素材, 细节和关键字: 5～6分钟, 起草: 20～25分钟, 修改定稿: 6～10分钟。
